This paper examines proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) that electrochemically oxidize hydrogen at the anode while reducing oxygen at the cathode. The system architecture comprises multiple single-cell repeating units, each containing a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with catalyst layers, gas diffusion layers, and bipolar plates with microfluidic channels. Stack-level integration requires careful balancing of thermal, hydraulic, and electrical interfaces to maintain optimal performance across varying load conditions.
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